Paul wrote about Christ living and working in us as believers (e.g., Rom 8:9-10; 2 Cor 13:5; Gal 4:19; Col 1:27; cf. 2 Cor 13:3; Col 1:29). He emphasized whole-hearted dependence on Christ not only for forgiveness but also for being able to live a life that pleases God.
Sometimes I have wondered where Paul got these ideas, since Jesus did not teach much about them during his earthly ministry (though cf. Matt 10:20; 18:20).
Then again, when would Jesus have taught his disciples about this? They did not even understand that their teacher was bringing God’s reign through the cross rather than conquest (Mark 8:29-33); how could they have understood him living inside of them? Such a teaching would not have made sense until after the resurrection, when Jesus talked with them about sending them by the power of the Spirit (Acts 1:4-8; John 20:21-22) or of his presence being with them until they completed the mission (Matt 28:20). Forty days would allow plenty of time for such teaching (Acts 1:3-5). Of course, it could make sense for Jesus to introduce such matters to his disciples also just before his death (John 14:18-23), but even then they would not yet understand (cf. 16:5, 12, 18).
How did Paul learn these lessons? Undoubtedly especially from his experience, read also in light of earlier biblical promises. After the resurrection, the early disciples’ experience of the Spirit would teach them how to depend more deeply on God’s direct working within them. The Spirit would produce the fruit of God’s own moral character in them (John 15:2-8; Gal 5:22-23; cf. Rom 7:4-6; Eph 5:9), as well as the presence of Christ (John 14:23; Rom 8:9-10; 2 Cor 13:5).
As the Messiah, Jesus had begun fulfilling the biblical promise of restoration for God’s people; prophets had promised that at the time of restoration God would place his own Spirit in the hearts of his people, so they would obey him (Ezek 36:27). The Spirit would give new life (Ezek 37:14). As the firstfruits of the future resurrection, Jesus’s resurrection meant that this promised new life in the Spirit had begun for all those who would be raised with him.
Jesus is king in God’s kingdom, and he procured this kingdom through the cross (cf. Mark 1:15; 11:9-10; 15:26, 32). Jesus warned that his true followers must share his cross, sharing his sufferings, so they will be ready for his glory (Mark 8:34-38; Luke 9:23-26). Jesus could describe this such suffering as sharing his cup and his baptism (Mark 10:38-39; cf. 14:23-24, 36). When we commit our lives to Christ as our Lord and Savior, we recognize that our lives belong to him, both to save and to direct as he chooses. Because baptism signifies this commitment, Paul can speak of giving our lives to Christ as being baptized and united with him in his death (Rom 6:3-4). (This does not mean that at that moment we achieve absolute moral sinlessness in practice; indeed, in the context, Romans 6:11-18 probably shows the believers in Rome how they can sin less. But having died with Christ does mean we have a new Lord and direction.)
Those united with Christ in his death are those who will also share his resurrection (Rom 6:4-5; cf. 8:11). Scripture already anticipated a resurrection of both the righteous and the unrighteous at the end of the age (Dan 12:2-3). Jesus’s resurrection is the first piece of that future resurrection, so those united with him will be raised in the future and have already begun to share in resurrection life (Rom 8:10; Eph 2:6; Col 2:12; 3:1; probably Rom 6:4). As Christ now reigns at the Father’s right hand (Mark 12:36; Acts 2:33-36; 1 Cor 15:25; Heb 1:3; 1 Pet 3:22; Rev 3:21), believers are enthroned with him (Eph 1:20-22; 2:6) and will one day reign with him (Rom 5:17; 1 Cor 6:3; 2 Tim 2:12; Rev 5:10; cf. Matt 25:21; Luke 19:17; Rom 8:17). On the premise that Jesus’s resurrection belonged to the promised experience of the resurrection of God’s people (Dan 12:2), the unity of Christ and his people follows.
Both Paul (Acts 9:3-5) and some key disciples (Mark 9:1-3) experienced Jesus’s glory in ways resembling some revelations of God himself in the Old Testament. Seyoon Kim has argued that Paul’s Damascus road encounter, in fact, shaped some of Paul’s basic theology. Jesus warned that those who reject his agents reject him (Matt 10:40; Mark 9:37; Luke 9:48; 10:16); on the road to Damascus, Paul learned that he had been persecuting Christ himself (Acts 9:4-5). Paul also knew that the Spirit who empowered the character of the Messiah was the Spirit of the Lord (Isaiah 11:2); the Spirit of Christ is the Spirit of God (Acts 16:6-7; Rom 8:9). Jesus’s experience of sonship introduced his followers into that same experience and relationship with God the Father (Mark 14:36; Rom 8:15-16; Gal 4:6).
John the Baptist promised that Jesus would baptize in the Spirit (Mark 1:8); Jesus himself illustrated the Spirit-baptized life when he received the Spirit at his baptism (1:9-10) and then faced and overcame testing (1:12-13). This promised experience of the Spirit would shape the course of Jesus’s early movement. From this continuing experience with the risen Christ through the Spirit that Jesus sent, Paul and other disciples would understand key elements of Jesus’s continuing ministry that his proverbs and parables during his earthly ministry could at most hint at.
The apostolic movement of Jesus’s early followers believed that the same person we read about in the Gospels is the risen Lord proclaimed in the epistles. They affirmed that the Jesus they worshiped and experienced was also the Jesus who came in the flesh. God had inaugurated his promised kingdom, or reign, in a special way, and we submit to his reign, belonging to his people, by serving Jesus as Lord.
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